Critical raw materials have become essential for the green transition, digitalization, defence industries, and the future of automotive production, creating a race to secure supply chains and investment. China’s dominance in both extraction and processing leaves the EU heavily dependent and strategically vulnerable. Western states are therefore seeking alliances to diversify supply and expand processing capacity. Yet despite Türkiye’s clear potential as a partner, the EU has been slow to act, risking falling behind U.S. engagement

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